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Disaster response is the second phase of the disaster management cycle. It consists of a number of elements, for example; warning/evacuation, search and rescue, providing immediate assistance, assessing damage, continuing assistance and the immediate restoration of infrastructure.The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health and support the morale of the affected population. Such assistance may range from providing specific but limited aid, such as assisting refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food, to establishing semi-permanent settlement in camps and other locations. It also may involve initial repairs to damaged infrastructure. The focus in the response phase is on meeting the basic needs of the people until more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found. The main responsibility to address these needs and respond to a disaster lies with the government or governments in whose territory the disaster has occurred. In addition, Humanitarian organizations are often strongly present in this phase of the disaster management cycle, particularly in countries where the government lacks the resources to respond adequately to the needs. == Definition == A "disaster" is defined as: Noun. A calamitous event, especially one occurring suddenly and causing great loss of life, damage or hardship such as a flood, aircraft crash or a business failure. "Response" is defined (in this context) as: Noun: An answer or reply, as in words or in some action.〔Warfield, Corina. (The Disaster Management Cycle ), Global Development Research Center website.〕 The Business Dictionary provide a more comprehensive definition for "disaster response";〔(Definition: disaster response ), BusinessDictionary.com.〕 Aggregate of decisions and measures to (1) contain or mitigate the effects of a disastrous event to prevent any further loss of life and/or property, (2) restore order in its immediate aftermath, and (3) re-establish normality through reconstruction and re-rehabilitation shortly thereafter. The first and immediate response is called emergency response. The Johns Hopkins and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) 〔(Public Health Guide for Emergencies ), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2013.〕 state: "The word disaster implies a sudden overwhelming and unforeseen event. At the household level, a disaster could result in a major illness, death, a substantial economic or social misfortune. At the community level, it could be a flood, a fire, a collapse of buildings in an earthquake, the destruction of livelihoods, an epidemic or displacement through conflict. When occurring at district or provincial level, a large number of people can be affected. Most disasters result in the inability of those affected to cope with outside assistance."〔(24 Disaster Definitions ), The Johns Hopkins and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.〕 A recent case study of a disaster response undertaken by the IFRC can be viewed here.〔(Haiti case study ), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.〕 The level of disaster response depends on a number of factors and particular situation awareness. Studies undertaken by Son, Aziz and Pen ̃a-Mora (2007) shows that “initial work demand gradually spreads and increases based on a wide range of variables including scale of disaster, vulnerability of affected area which in turn is affected by population density, site-specific conditions (e.g. exposure to hazardous conditions) and effects of cascading disasters resulting from inter-dependence between elements of critical infrastructure”. In the British Government's Emergency Response and Recovery guidance, disaster response refers to decisions and actions taken in accordance with the strategic, tactical and operational objectives defined by emergency responders. At a high level these will be to protect life, contain and mitigate the impacts of the emergency and create the conditions for a return to normality. Response encompasses the decisions and actions taken to deal with the immediate effects of an emergency. In many scenarios it is likely to be relatively short and to last for a matter of hours or days—rapid implementation of arrangements for collaboration, co-ordination and communication are, therefore, vital. Response encompasses the effort to deal not only with the direct effects of the emergency itself (e.g. fighting fires, rescuing individuals) but also the indirect effects (e.g. disruption, media interest).〔(Emergency Response and Recovery ), Cabinet Office, 29 October 2013.〕 Common objectives for responders are: * saving and protecting human life; * relieving suffering; * containing the emergency – limiting its escalation or spread and mitigating its impacts; * providing the public and businesses with warnings, advice and information; * protecting the health and safety of responding personnel; * safeguarding the environment; * as far as reasonably practicable, protecting property; * maintaining or restoring critical activities; * maintaining normal services at an appropriate level; * promoting and facilitating self-help in affected communities; * facilitating investigations and inquiries (e.g. by preserving the scene and effective records management); * facilitating the recovery of the community (including the humanitarian assistance, economic, infrastructure and environmental impacts); * evaluating the response and recovery effort; and * identifying and taking action to implement lessons identified. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「disaster response」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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